The Plight of Workers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Plight of Workers - Assignment Example In the early long periods of twentieth century there was a huge inflow of foreigners in the United States of America. Poor people migrants were coaxed into America by the supposed rich chances. Upon appearance they gave a supply of modest work to plants and different organizations. The broken down apartments were the habitation of decision for a large number of them. The houses had no perfect water or sewerage framework. Life in these ghettos was unbearable.1 Chicago was deliberately situated with a dairy cattle raising hinterland. This offered ascend to a mammoth meat pressing division which required thousand of untalented work. It was a city of appear differently in relation to superb structures claimed by the production line proprietors and the ghettos lodging the workers. The working condition was similar to subjugation and the meat pressing procedure was undesirable. Aside from the wretchedness in the meat pressing production lines, the rottenness and toxics from the processing plants discovered their way into the nearby waterways. The whole grim circumstance is caught through the duration of a migrant Lithuanian family. It portrays their battles to adjust to another life and a progression of mishap that comes to pass for them all the while. Upon appearance the future looks brilliant with possibilities of landing positions in the butcher house.2 The cheer extent of the woeful conditions isn't just prove by the broken down structures lodging the laborers however the land whereupon the houses are constructed. It is a waste land recovered by filling soil mining pits with trash coming about to an interminable smell. Jurgis in any case, sees the thought as a splendid development. This thought delineates a typical accept of numerous workers who were floated by thought of being in the place where there is openings. Jurgis can not comprehend the negative elevation of his kindred laborers in the butcher house. Be that as it may, gradually he experiences scenes in h is work place and outside which causes him to understand everything isn't well. He understands pregnant dairy animals are butchered for meat illegal and Antana’s questionable proposition for employment. Maybe the single occasion that in the long run prompts the separation of Jurgis’ family is the endeavor to buy a house. Aside from the troubles in raising the necessary sum they find the agreement is fake. The house is worth a lot not exactly demonstrated and there are shrouded intrigue charges. The ensuing money related weight touches off a progression of occasions that in the end breaks the family’s American dream that baited them into America in any case. All individuals from the family including kids are sent to work so as to keep the family monetarily above water. Considering the money related weight the family is confronting Ona is quiet of her assault trial by her chief. Once Jurgis learns of the trial he battles Ona’s chief and he is in this manner imprisoned for thirty days. With the exit of Jurgis the principle supporter of their home task, they are expelled. The family endures anguish and disappointment which results to the passing of a few of the relatives. Sad, Jurgis turns into a vagabond bouncing all around is search of comfort and work. In the end he returns back to Chicago and leaves on crimes. The changed Jurgis means to hit back to the general public against which he is wronged. He takes part in exercises extending from robbing to gear of the political race. Anyway he neglects to improve his fortune through this way until he coincidentally unearths a Socialist Party

Rene Descartes free essay sample

Rene Descartes was a splendid man. His deals with reasoning, material science and arithmetic are still intensely affected a lot to these investigations today in our cutting edge world. Descartes was conceived in March 31, 1596 in La Haye, France; he was named after one of his adoptive parents, Rene Bruchard des Funtaines. Descartes guardians were Joachim and Jeanne Descartes, he additionally had one sibling and one sister and two half kin. Growing up Descartes had medical problems â€Å"infirmity of the lungs, (Rene Descartes). At the point when he was joined up with school around eight years old at Jesuit school La Fleche in Anjou he had authorization to wake up at eleven toward the beginning of the day rather than prior like the various school kids, concerning his delicate wellbeing. Descartes saved this day by day schedule for nearly an amazing remainder he accepted that, â€Å"the best way to great work in science and to protect his wellbeing was never to permit anybody to caus e him to get up toward the beginning of the prior day he felt slanted to do as such; a sentiment which I narrative to help any student into whose hands this work may fall, (A Short Account of the History of Mathematics’). Descartes left school at around 1912 and they started to consider law at Poiters, and graduated with distinction for his degree and permit in law, in spite of the fact that he didn’t seek after a law degree. In 1617 Descartes decided to join the military as opposed to the congregation; He served in the military of Prince Maurice of Orange and afterward Breda. He was to a greater degree a hired soldier for the Catholics and Protestants. One day in pre-winter of 1618, Descartes was strolling near and saw a Dutch notice, which spiked his interest; and by karma the individual he halted was Isaac Beckman. Beckman was an exceptionally instructed Dutch rationalist; he interpreted for Descartes consequently if Descartes would work out the issue. Following two or three hours passed, charmed by Descartes, Beckman â€Å"sparked his enthusiasm for arithmetic and the New Physics, he inferred that his genuine way in life was the quest for genuine shrewdness and science, (seventeenth Century Mathematics-Descartes). † During his relaxation time in the military, Descartes examined science; in November tenth eleventh, 1619 he had a progression of dreams that he accepted is one or the most significant days of his life. The dreams he had were his first thoughts of new way of thinking and his works of systematic geometry. He kept on serving in the military under his family conventions and impact and was convinced to chip in under Count de Bucquoy in the military of Bavaria, and afterward he surrendered his bonus in 1621. Descartes went all through pieces of Europe for two or three years still absolutely offering himself to arithmetic in 1628 while living in France he met Cardinal de Berulle, the authors of the Oratorians. Berulle cherished his discussion with Descartes, â€Å"and he urged Descartes to dedicate his life to the investigation of truth, (Rene Descartes-Biography). For the home twenty years Descartes lived in confinement in Holland and made normal outings to France. Over the span of time Descartes composed a bit of his assortments, â€Å"Le Monde†, he didn’t need it to be distributed in that time; on the grounds that the Catholic church had consumed all of Galileo’s Dialog Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) and him in house capture. Descartes had lived in dread something very similar could transpire on the off chance that he didn’t compare with the guidelines. However he was book â€Å"Le Monde† was distributed numerous years after the fact. In spite of not having the option to discharge that book, he wrote another book in 1633 and was distributed in 1937. â€Å"In 1637 Descartes distributed Optics, Meteorology, and Geometry, an assortment of articles. The prelude to the assortment is titled Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking the Truth in the Sciences, (Rene Descartes-Biography). † â€Å"La Geometrie† is the thing that his commitment to arithmetic is as yet utilized till this day. Before his revelation mathematicians utilized capital letters (A,B,C) for known amounts in logarithmic documentation and obscure amounts were lower case letters (a,b,c). In the â€Å"La Geometrie† he gave his thoughts and as opposed to utilizing capital and lower cases letters, he moved it to only (a,b,c) as know amounts and (x,y,z) for obscure. In that time he additionally in verbal articulation of types, for example, â€Å"square, 3D shape at etc†, he supplanted it with numeral superscripts. Descartes contended that, For the square of an extent didn't vary from it in kind, as a geometrical square contrasts from a line, rather, the square the block and all forces varied from the base amount just in the quantity of â€Å"relations† isolating them individually from a typical unit amount. Descartes â€Å"rule of signs† a law given for deciding if the quantity of positive or negative genuine underlying foundations of polynomials â€Å"Descartes’ â€Å"rule of signs† doesn't give the arrangement of a polynomial condition, yet it gives data on the quantity of positive and negative foundations of the polynomial, (seventeenth Century Mathematics-Descartes). † He likewise proposed in â€Å"La Geometrie† that each point in a two measurement structure can have two numbers on a plane, giving a flat and vertical areas; which is known as Cartesian directions. He utilized opposite lines (or tomahawks) crossing at a point called the source, to quantify the flat (x) and vertical (y) areas, both positive and negative, in this manner viably plunging the plane into four quadrants, (seventeenth Century Mathematics-Descartes). † With the Cartesian Coordinates, Descartes indicated that the x and y hub bolstered straightforward conditions of straig ht lines, to increasingly complex directions of conditions with various examples. For instance y=x2+4 is a bend parabola. Descartes was all the more broadly known as a savant giving his two sense in things and seeking after to maintain reality. He kept on continuing adding to his assortments of composing Meditations, Principia Philosophiae and others. In 1649, Queen Christina of Sweden welcomed Descartes to live in Stockholm to guide her in theory and she demanded in working with him at 5 in the first part of the day; which he was utilized. The early hours and the brutal climate influenced his wellbeing and he passed on of pneumonia in mid 1650. Other than his incredible arrangement of being named â€Å"the father of present day philosophy† Descartes math commitments are estimation of us today. His concept of the Cartesian organize is in our numerical adding machines and the directions are what we use in math in practically all evaluation levels. Without Descartes impact types wouldn’t have been as basic, and furthermore having the option to decide positive and negative genuine roots. Descartes thought everything can be identified with math and that there was constantly an answer, regardless of whether it was fanciful numbers as well. His commitments in every aspect of studies helped molded the cutting edge contemplates. Rene Descartes was a splendid man to be sure.

New Student Series Part 1 Meet Ashley Marissa Portillo COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Series Part 1 Meet Ashley Marissa Portillo COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog You may recall a recent blog post asking for our incoming Fall 2015 students to introduce themselves on the Admissions Blog. Since then, Ive received several submissions from your fellow Seeple. (Thank you to everyone whos participated!) To kick off this weekly series, lets start with Ashley Marissa Portillo, a California native who likes to practice yoga and climb the Inca ruins (not necessarily at the same time). Shes concentrating in Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy, and hopes to work for the  U.S. State Department as a Foreign Service Officer after graduating from SIPA. Below, youll find her responses to the New Student Survey.   Full Name: Ashley Marissa Portillo Program:  Master of International Affairs Concentration:  Human Rights and Humanitarian Policy Specialization:  International Conflict Resolution Anticipated Graduation Year: 2017 Hometown: Fountain Valley, California Where did you attend college? I graduated from the University of California, San Diego in 2011, with a double major in Latin American Studies and International Relations.                 What’s your professional background? Upon completing my undergraduate studies four years ago, I began a career in the mortgage industry as a licensed loan officer and loan processor. Even though selling home loans has helped me grow professionally and personally, I have strayed from my true passion- promoting youth literacy and access to education at home and abroad. Two years ago, I took time off from my job to join the Peace Corps. As a Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines, I was able to serve as an English Teacher and implement literacy programs in two different high schools in Bataan and Northern Samar. Did you apply to SIPA to change careers or to gain experience in a career path you already have experience in? I applied to SIPA for both of these reasons. Currently, I am preparing to leave my job in the home loan market with confidence that SIPA will propel me toward a career with the U.S. State Department or an intergovernmental organization abroad. Selling home loans in the private sector equipped me with the ability to sell a product, negotiate prices, and work with different personalities; but, I am prepared to apply these skills to a career closer to my heart. In college, I was deeply invested in volunteer work in San Diego, Peru, Nicaragua, and Tennessee; the Peace Corps was a way to get back on that track after college. SIPA will equip me with the experience and quantitative qualifications that will allow me to continue working as a global public servant. What was your reaction when you found out you were accepted to SIPA? I was on my lunch break at work, refreshing my email inbox every five minutes on my phone when I saw the SIPA email pop up. I was so nervous that simply opening the application portal to check my status proved to be quite a productionmy hands were trembling! However, as soon as I read the congratulatory letter, I let out a huge sigh of relief and pure joy. The first person I called to share the news was my dad. He has been my biggest encourager and has instilled in me the drive to achieve big and, of course, my desire to keep learning. [Photo courtesy of Ashley Marissa Portillo.] Why did you say yes to SIPA? I said yes to SIPA for various reasons. Without a doubt, I was drawn to the program’s prestige, clout, and accomplished professors who teach the courses. Yet, when I visited an informational session at the SIPA building last November, I was even more drawn to the diverse student body walking to and from class. The campus just “felt” right and I knew that I could greatly benefit from working together with students from varying American and international backgrounds. I did not experience this diversity and friendliness at the other campuses I visited on the East Coast. It was truly a wonderful first impression. What do you most look forward to as a graduate student at SIPA? I am looking forward to attending the most global public policy school in one of the most diverse cities in the world- SIPA in New York City! I am most excited about the opportunities, internships, leaders, keynote speakers, resources, and networking that are at my fingertips because I am now a SIPA student. I think the opportunities I can seize really abound and I am ready to share ideas and conversations with professors and students from all over the world. Do you have any apprehensions about starting graduate school? I am a little bit nervous to go back to school after four years of not being enrolled in a full-time academic program. In fact, the quantitative portion of the program intimidates me a little because I am certain it will be especially rigorous for someone, like myself, who has not taken a math class in recent years. However, I am thrilled to have the opportunity to challenge myself and build on my statistical skills. I also know that SIPA will provide me with all the necessary tools to help me succeed in the program. What are your goals after SIPA? After SIPA, I hope to either work for the U.S. State Department as a Foreign Service Officer, specifically a Public Diplomacy Officer, or to work for an international relief organization that serves areas which have been devastated by natural disasters. If you could change one small thing about your community, country or the world, what would it be? If I could change one small thing about the world, it would be to change the fact that many children in Mondragon, Philippines do not have access to a breakfast meal, which hinders their ability to concentrate or attend school. During my service in Mondragon, I witnessed tired students in my classes who had difficulty paying attention to the lesson plans and retaining the information because they were so hungry. It was heartbreaking. Tell us something interesting about yourself. I am an avid yogi and I practice Bikram Yoga almost every day. I have found that it helps me to better balance my life and priorities, and I hope to eventually become a certified yoga instructor. In addition to yoga, I am a traveling enthusiast whose most memorable travel experience was climbing the Inca ruins of Machu Picchu in Peru. That was hands-down the most majestic place that I have ever set foot on and I hope to go back one day. If youd like to participate in the series, please email us at sipa_new@columbia.edu  to share your personal admissions story,  what your summer vacation will entail/did entail, or anything else you think your peers would enjoy reading about! You may submit a blog post of your choosing, or submit the  New Student Survey with pre-populated questions to get you started. And don’t forget  to submit  a photo or two to help us visualize your story!

Scientific Method and Research - 2600 Words

1. Name of Course/Module: Research Method 2. Course Code: BT 21603 Research Method 3. Name(s) of academic staff: Dr. Janice L. H. Nga (Room No. 10, Level 3, SPE. Ext. 1640, Email: janice@ums.edu.my;janicenga@yahoo.com) Dr. Zakariya Belkhamza (Room No. 26, Level 3, SPE. Ext. 1555, Email: zakariya@ums.edu.my) 4. Rationale for the inclusion of the course/module in the programme Doing research is an important activity of the for today’s business environment. Business and economics students need to understanding basic concepts of business research methodology and research process as well as acquiring basic research skill. Application of the basic business research concepts and ability to prepare a sound and†¦show more content†¦FORMAT: Research Topic, Research Problem, and Objectives. Not more than 4 pages. 1.5 spacing References: Main Text: Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2012). Research Methods for Business Students, 6th Edition. London: Pearson Education Limited. WEEK 3 Chapter 3 Critically Reviewing the Literature This chapter provides understanding on the importance and purpose of the critical literature review of research project. It discusses on what to include on writing a critical review, keeping a ware of the range of primary, secondary and tertiary literature sources available. It focuses on indentifying the keywords to undertake a literature search using a range of methods including the Internet. This chapter discusses method to evaluate the relevance, value and sufficiency of the literature found, to create reference of the literature found accurately and method to apply the knowledge, skills and understanding gained into a research project. Tutorial: Research Proposal: Group Presentations of the literature review and Problem Statement Main Text: Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. (2012). ResearchShow MoreRelatedScientific Method and Research5682 Words   |  23 Pagesthe discussion-based class performed better than those in the lecture-based class. In this example the time that the class is taught could be considered a(n) _________ variable, making it impossible to establish a causal connection between teaching method and classroom performance. a) independent b) dependent * c) extraneous d) mediating 7) Several recent studies have found that moderate drinkers ofRead MoreThe Scientific Methods Of Research Inquiry1247 Words   |  5 PagesThe five scientific methods which include the question, hypotheses, experimentation, data analysis and conclusion are critical to a scientist because they enable them to have a credible data and conclusion on their research. It is realized that the usage of this methods are advantageous to anybody including business people, for as long as one follows the steps they will be sure of getting a credible outcome at the end of the day. I would emphasize that people should employ this method a lot becauseRead MoreScientific Method and Research Essay1210 Words   |  5 Pagesfeminist movement encompasses how women have been abused domestically. 3. Define the term scientific method and the five basic steps used in the scientific method. Scientific method is the process of research where a problem is recognized, pertinent information is gathered, and a hypothesis is formulated. This methodology is comprised of trial and error as well as cause effect. The latter of the Scientific Method is a result of experience and/or observation. i. Defining the problem. What is theRead MoreEvaluation Of Scientific Research Methods Essay1871 Words   |  8 Pages EVALUATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS St. Cloud State University Abstract This term paper evaluates the formats of different type of research papers available today. The additional knowledge for the comparison have been gained from the textbook Research Methodology: A Step-by-step Guide for Beginners – Fourth Edition (2014) with the available types of research papers and research methodologies. This paper includes the types of research paper and presents the appropriate suggestionRead MorePhenomenology: Scientific Method and Research3324 Words   |  14 PagesPhenomenology as Research Method by Beverley Campbell, Victoria University of Technology Outline of the paper This paper is an account, the interweaving, of the narrative of the writing of my own thesis using a phenomenological approach, with my developing interest in phenomenology as research method. My study of personal transformation provides the context for these reflections on phenomenology as research method. I have spoken in other forums about the content of the research; in this paperRead MorePositionality: Scientific Method and Research3342 Words   |  14 PagesIts Impact On The Research I Undertake Business Research Methods MBA2010-L-A1 Submitted By: - Suraj Rai Student ID: - 072078 - 77 University ID: - 27003380 Abstract In this paper I have tried to explain the concept of positionality and its various parameters like emic and etic, positivist, interpretivist, empiricist and rationalist, constructivist and reductionist. Then, I tried to analyze my positionality on the basis of these points and how these will effect on the research that I select andRead MoreScientific Thinking And Research Methods Essay2031 Words   |  9 Pages Scientific Thinking and Research Methods Alyssa Klingbyle, McKenna Krause, Taya Agius, Matthew Barnes University of Windsor 02-46-115 Article One: Jeff Galak, Tom Meyvis. (2011). The Pain Was Greater If It Will Happen Again: The Effect of Anticipated Continuation on Retrospective Discomfort. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 2011, Vol. 140, No. 1, 63–75 DOI: 10.1037/a0021447 Purpose of Study: The purpose of this study was to test whether peopleRead MoreMethodology: Scientific Method and Research785 Words   |  4 Pageswant to make your research appear more credible there is no option but to understand in detail, how to write a methodology. A research methodology will help you showcase your knowledge of using alternative methods that help in presenting your research topic more valid. The best way to demonstrate your research is by using a qualitative or quantitative research process. The following are the general guidelines that you should follow depending on the type of dissertation or research paper you are writingRead MoreWork: Scientific Method and Exploratory Research1888 Words   |  8 PagesAnalytical research is a type of research that utilises critical thinking to find out facts about a given topic and from the answers obtained develop new and useful ways of doing things. Critical thinking is a method of thinking that puts assumptions into que stion to decide whether a given claim is true or false. When writing an analytical research paper, you must perform a variety of tasks beforehand. The first step is to formulate a thesis and then gather your sources that will be used. The sourcesRead MoreScientific Method and Desk Research Essay1458 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Assessment activity 1 1. When conducting research on behalf of your organisation or for a client organisation, how will you determine the most appropriate data sources to use? In this case the most suitable data source will be a desk research because this information will have already been gathered, analysed and reported on by other companies. It means that you will not waste time and money doing what others before you have done. 2. Why are cross checks and cross references necessary?

Essay Topics about South Kore: No Longer a Mystery

Essay Topics about South Kore: No Longer a Mystery Despite the fact that this country ranks top in a number of the things, it looks like the education isn't one of the greatest things about this nation. The folks in rural areas continue to be much poorer and many live a very simple life. There's an old folklore I remember from childhood, of the way the Korean people came into being. Tell friends and family about all these incredible places to see! It is, in addition, the 5th biggest city on earth. Now, totally free Wi-Fi was introduced throughout the city. Love Land is supposed to owe its existence to Jejudo's popularity for a honeymoon destination. A Startling Fact about Essay Topics about South Kore Uncovered The war isn't forgotten. It's a population of 22,912,177, the majority of which haven't any relation to the outside world and hate Americans with an extremely scary and dangerous passion. Also, a lot of women have the mentality that it's impossible for them to oc cupy top positions in politics and different areas. South Korean men like to take advantage of their appearances and, as such, it's believed that almost a quarter of men utilize makeup as a portion of their everyday routine. It earned the nickname due to the fierce storms that frequently roll in from the Himalayas. South Korea is among the most technologically advanced nations and the educational standards are high. If you're a teacher in South Korea, you are going to have to rotate school every 5 decades even in the event you love your present workplace. South Korea among the safest nations in the world. The Unexposed Secret of Essay Topics about South Kore So let's take some opportunity to consider about doing it. When it has to do with middle school students, their schedule is a small bit more lenient. It's recommended that you ask your teacher in the very first spot for any type of queries. Senior teachers can enjoy greater pay and the general work hours. Essay Topi cs about South Kore Explained The point of a koan, needless to say, is the fact that it's unresolvable and contributes to contemplation. After the expression is over, Jacheongbi made a decision to confess her feelings to the youthful god. Based on this subject, lack of suitable education is the reason for gender inequality as nobody can go far within this modern world without good education. After all, superior manners are important, even when you're the richest man on the planet. Essay Topics about South Kore Explained Using the term friend' in Korean is really very complex! There are key areas of the question which you have to underline as you read so you give them more stress. What's more, you must affirm and be certain of the designated length so you do not be overly wordy but rather be within the mandatory range. Self storage has the ability to cater to the requirements of various individuals and are able to provide flexibility and reasonable storage prices. Essay Top ics about South Kore for Dummies The country has the fastest internet on Earth, which is also among the least expensive and most accessible as a result of government subsidies. It is lead by a monarchy. It is quite a beautiful nation. It's the 109th country on earth in regard to area. Want to Know More About Essay Topics about South Kore? The city of Seoul has come to be the headquarters for many international businesses and companies including LG, Hyundai, Samsung and Kia that makes it among the major worldwide city in conditions of economy. The Lotte World Tower in Seoul is the maximum building in the nation and the fifth highest on earth. In this period of time, South Korea was under great political and financial chaos because of distinct reasons including the impacts of the war. The nation's name Korea comes from the dynasty. Details of Essay Topics about South Kore Due to the dearth of land, self storage businesses are enjoying a slightly greater profit here than i n the remainder of Europe. In South Korea, plastic surgery is just one of the most well-known modifications and is common amongst residents. He is the inventor of the world hit Gangnam Style. So should you ever visit South Korea, you may want to find out your blood type firstsomeone is likely to ask eventually. A short article can even be known as a new story. The majority of the folks have a tendency to run away from politics and thus the politics essays also, therefore it is quite important to grab the eye of the readers till the conclusion of the essay and that would be much difficult I know. Korean is thought of as one of the finest well-planned languages in history. English topics aren't easy to produce. The Basics of Essay Topics about South Kore There are certain kinds of essays we've given as samples to help students acquaint themselves and learn to write distinctive samples. Speak to us to get the best program to fulfill all your needs Thanks for visiting! More information is found on the official site. More info on the custom made essay services The bulk of our clients are delighted with their papers.

The Video Game Industry Free Essays

Abstract This research paper will cover the different aspects of project management in video game development. Focus will also be on discussing and overviewing the project lifecycles as it pertains to game development. There is also interest in seeing within the realm of video game development how the application of knowledge, various skills, tools, and the techniques are used. We will write a custom essay sample on The Video Game Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now The will also be focus on examining pre-production, production and post production in the gaming industry. Topics will explore issues pertaining to, but not limited to, stakeholder expectations, timeliness of implementation, and optimization of resources. Additionally, information will be given covering the concepts of meeting the needs of business’s vision and mission regarding development and exploring how the identification of and addressing any issues that may arise in game project development.? Introduction The video game industry has been steadily growing for over almost four decades. From Nintendo to Sony, there have been a myriad of games that have been made for the platform over the course of the video game industry. The initial commercial history of video games and the birth of this industry inevitably begins with the US military’s computer hardware and networks. At the time, infrastructure was beginning to shift towards facilitating both game development and market consumption. Over the course of almost four decades, many games have been made, but the question is, exactly how are these spectacular pieces of art being made. When people buy video games, their focus is not on the people who actually make the product, or even on the process it takes to create the game that they own. Consumers only see the end product that is distributed and hit store shelves. For most, their energies and focus are on purchasing the product and investing in actual game play. However, the process and man power it takes to create a game is an intricate undertaking. It is stated that the intricacy of modern video games requires workers with varied skill sets such as computer engineers and programmers, visual artists, audio engineers, animators, game designers, writers, and quality assurance testers (Weststar, 2015). For starters the biggest component to game development are video game developers (VGDs) (Weststar, 2015). Additionally, these projects can consist of a producer and studios have a range of upper managers and administrative personnel. Weststar stated that with project-based model the outputs of each new game are unique. In turn the environment is complex and uncertain. Coordination among project members is rooted in diffuse and informal power relationships in relation to their roles as it pertains to those that direct the work and those who perform it (Weststar, 2015). Thusly, with the consumer, the process of making video games is a non-factor, largely an unknown, and rarely registers in the thoughts in most people’s minds. Many again just see the end product, of which is what is their main motivating factor of going to a retail store and purchasing it. However, there is a select pocket of individuals who are more cognizant of the game development process and they are more greatly invested. For this segment, they faithfully follow their favorite game, or for some developer, and wi ll be aware the specifics from the announcement of the game and will stay engaged until the game goes gold. This is, going gold, that the game is finished and ready to be put on a disc and distributed. The creation of each video game is a project with a well-defined production cycle of pre-production, production, and post-production phases of which reach require different and various resources (Weststar, 2015). HistoryBefore one can actually delve it the game development process, it is important to have some background understanding on the development of the gaming industry. Nolan Bushnell is credited as the pioneer of the worldwide commercial video game industry. Bushnell was the founder of Atari and is responsible for generations of home and arcade gaming hardware and software including the truly influential game, Pong (Grantham ; Readman, 2006). Arcades games were very popular and peaked in the early 1980s. As time progressed and newer technologies burst onto the market most titles were converted to play on the evolving home technology – home computers and consoles (Grantham ; Readman, 2006). It was also during this time of change and development, many independent develop ers and publishers started to emerge. One of the most noted and widely known, Activision for example, was founded by former Atari developers seeking greater ownership and control over their developments (Grantham ; Readman, 2006). Over time people have come to recognize software games as new and very popular mode of entertainment and an important application of technology. This outlook has become increasingly accepted and by people of all ages. In today’s culture, technology is easily accessible and has become more convenient. In turn more and more people like to play games and are also becoming motivated to design their own games. Also, software games are gaining importance because they are not only used for entertainment, but also for serious purposes that can be applicable to different domains such as education, business, and health care (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, Ahmed, 2016). Game Development ProcessPre-productionAs with any industry as it relates to project development, within the gaming industry, pre-production is the beginning phase of the life of a game, the project. It is during this phase that developers/project managers determine how long will it take to game to make, the personnel needed, and the budget needed to make the proposed project. During pre-production it is paramount that very specific goals are fleshed out of which will be essential to a successful project. Walfiz, Zackariasson and Wilson pointed out that certain elements are fundamental to projects: commitment to timing, staying within a budget, and producing an output (Zackariasson, Walfisz, Wilson, 2006). Also, it is important to note that, these fundamentals are developed before the project starts, and thus commit both parties to specific activities/objectives. Drew Liming and Dennis Vilorio states that in the pre-production phase, the lead designers outline a game concept with the help of lead artists and programmers (Liming Vilorio, 2011). Additionally, it is at this time that the lead designers might select special feature(s), such as an innovative gameplay element, or powerful graphics, that will make the game unique (Liming Vilorio, 2011). It was also pointed out that when the game finally receives the funding needed, programmers begin building its technological framework (Liming Vilorio, 2011). Pre-production considerations tends to produce a hierarchy of plans that guide the project and the pre-production phase is instrumental in producing the basis on which to build the game (Zackariasson, Walfisz, Wilson, 2006). The over-ridding goal of pre-production is essentially to create a game plan that will be the road map in which the player(s) will finish the game. The game plan must include information of the game concept, the unique feature(s), the constraints that affect this concept, and analyzing risk assessment.Risk management is a necessary aspect of game project development. Alem, Carpatz and Ahmed states that the importance of risk management is essential for the efficiency of game development. Thusly this is often the focus for project management (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, Ahmed, 2016). Alem, Carpatz and Ahmed also state, that it is with the upmost importance to identify risk factors early in the game development process (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, Ahmed, 2016). During game development, the project manager is the game’s producer and must bring together management, the technical components, and the appealing aspects to create a successful video game. They also identified two risk factors that must be addressed during this development process: failure of development strategy and absence of the fun factor (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, ; Ahmed, 2016). Additionally, it is important to realize that in game development, other important risk factors can have an impact such as the development strategy, the fun factor or extent of originality, scheduling, and budgeting. With these, there will always be some level of â€Å"the unknown† when addressing risk factors. Taking time early on to identify risks is paramount as there will always be unforeseen issues in a project. Working to minimize as many issues initially will decrease unadvantageous developments later in the project development/production cycle. Thus, efficient work done during pre-production will work to minimize or even eliminate unforeseen issues. Production Now that the risks, personnel, and assets are identified, for the project, it can now to enter the production phase. Thusly, the completion of the prototype signals the start of the production phase of development (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). During the production phase the project team can now move forth with focusing on the cusp of the project work. Energies can now finally be channeled towards actual development of the game. It is importance to note that certain aspects of the work can be initiated during pre-production. Thus, there can be at times, some objectives running concurrent and simultaneously with those that are just commencing. Even though the project team is in full stride during this phase, and most of the ideas are being carried out, some new plans can happen that may have an impact and thus alter work. For starters, assets can be added or even removed at this point. Accordingly, with these alterations, it is important that changes are accurately noted and are effectively communicated to the project team, the developer, studio upper management, and the publisher. Making such changes are crucial and essential and must be relayed in a timely manner. It is imperative that during development, the project document continues to remain as a point of reference for the entire project team. As pointed out by Liming and Vilorio, during the production phase, teams of designers, artists, and programmers use the project document as a guide to ensure efficient game creation (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). When the plan is communicated to the project team, it is the role of the project manager to remain vigilant on keeping the plan up to date. Ensuring that there is sound communication and a streamlined vision/design, will allow the project teams to collaborate to make the most of each other’s expertise (Liming Vilorio, 2011). There is feedback during production that helps the project team revise the document as needed. For instance, feedback might encompass how to improve a game’s mechanics, or more so, remove an unfeasible feature (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Throughout production, developers continually build improved versions of the game. This allows for the creation of more content that is better looking, more streamlined within a design, and thus is more refined (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Liming and Viliorio also went on further to state that the conclusion of the production phase is that the fully playable game includes art, music, and sound effects. This milestone is referred to as â€Å"content complete.† (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011).Post production Production ends when the developer and publisher agree that no more features are needed; thus, no features are added during post-production. Instead, the main goal of this phase is to finalize software quality. The post-production phase starts at least three months before the end-of-project deadline. During post-production the focus is on playing the game to test for errors, called bugs, and on tweaking it to eliminate unwanted elements (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Post-production is key for the game develop process as quality assurance and process validation are critical components. The quality assurance staff tests the game by playing it and attempting to do things the development staff never considered (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). It is during this time that such things as bugs and compatibility issues are fixed. Additionally, work will be done to ensure that all coding is optimized. Process validation plays an important role in assessing game quality. Also, during this phase, the development process as a whole is analyzed. Collection and evaluation of process data from the pre-production phase through to the post-production phase can provide evidence that the overall development process produces a good-quality game. Congruously, analysis can depict either product errors, in-complement coding, or that the final product does not measure up to expectations. It is known, as the game testers find bugs, they document the errors and assign them to a programmer, designer, or artist to be addressed and fixed (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Efficiently identifying and correcting issues is essential for the game roll-out deadline. Additionally, the developer may sometime want the game put into consumer hands before official release. Such instances could be in the form of advance releases, or advance copies for select consumer testing and gameplay which is a marketing strategy in gaming. Developers also use beta testing. Beta testing in games is used to gage overall game functionality using external testers or a select segment of identified consumers (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, ; Ahmed, 2016). Beta testing is a kind of first public release for testing purposes by users. Game publishers often find it effective because bugs are identified by users that were missed during the in-house testing process (Aleem, Fernando- Capretz, ; Ahmed, 2016). Dealing with bugs and tweaks can make postproduction time-consuming. Thus, the process may take as long as production, especially for more complex games that have bigger budgets (Liming ; Vilorio, 2011). Conclusion The video game industry has grown tremendously over the last four decades. From Nintendo to Sony, a plethora of games have been made over the course of the video game industry. Games, the end-products, are the results of the efforts of many. The process of video game development is an intricate undertaking. The production cycle encompasses a myriad of derivatives which adhere to pre-production, production, and post-prediction phases. During the entire production cycle of a game key players such as computer engineers and programmers, visual artists, audio engineers, animators, game designers, writers, and quality assurance testers are involved. The pre-production phase helps lay out the groundwork and plan that will be followed as the game develops. During pre-production specific goals are fleshed out and key fundamental elements to the project are identified. It also during this phase that focus is on working to minimize as many issues initially. This works to decrease unneeded or potentially negatively impacting developments later in the project development/production cycle. During the production phase the project team’s main focus is on the actual creation of the game. It is during the production phase that new plans can happen which can have impact and alter work. A project document is used to ensure efficient game development and thus the project manager must ensure that the plan is up to date. Additionally, the project manager will work to ensure that there is sound communication for the entire team. When the game has entered post-production, the focus is on playing the game to test for errors and other unwanted elements. There is a lot of focus on quality assurance. Within the gaming industry, testing can be done both in-house and the use of a select segment of consumer beta testers. Though most consumers only see the end product that is distributed and hit store shelves, there is a lot that has happened to ensure that the they will have a quality game playing experiences. Additionally, there is a select pocket of consumers who are more engaged development process and have a greater apperception for the game development process. Overall there is a great deal that transpires in the development of a game. From stakeholder expectations to timeliness of implementation, a lot of resources have been invested to create that end-product game. Understanding the life of a game through the lens of game development production cycle helps to foster a heightened appreciation for the final pro duct. How to cite The Video Game Industry, Papers

Leadership and Managing Change

The history of humanity is replete with various aspects of change along political, social, and technological lines. In this sense, change is not new to the world. However, the pace of change in the current dispensation is unprecedented. The industrial revolution provided the basis for it, and with the technological revolution that attends to the current age of information technology, the pace of change is bewildering.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Managing Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Murthy (2007) concludes that the kind of management stategy that fits in this context is â€Å"management by crisis† (p. 17). He argues that the pace is too fast to allow for methodological approaches to change management, which can easily lead to desolation. This view relates closely to that of Kanter (1997) who identifies change and leadership as the two main challenges that organizations face to day. The role leadership plays in any organization is the identification and promotion of a vision, compelling enough to attract and retain the interest of all stakeholders. In fact, the chief role of leadership is mediation of change. The management on the other hand works out the processes required to accomplish the vision, ensuring in the process of pursuing the identified vision that the organization has the right balance of risks and rewards. In this case, leadership seems to have the distinct role of identifying the future for the organization and inspiring followership. This puts the responsibility of facilitating the process of identifying the forces of change on the organizational leadership, after which they develope and implement appropriate responses to those forces. In order to examine the place of leadership in change management, there is need to use a model that captures the process of change. Murthy (2007) proposed the following stages as the defining characteristics of the change process. Creating a sense of urgency Forming a guiding coalition Developing a vision and strategy Communicating the change vision Empowering broad based action Generating short term wins Consolidating gains and producing more change Anchoring the new approaches in the culture This model shows that there are leadership actions required before tackling change. Initially, the actions listed call for an inclusive process, and finally efforts meant for achieving sustainability come into play. The leadership of change is therefore not a preliminary application but a sustained input throughout the change process. The preliminary environment requires the infusion of a sense of urgency to mainstream the need for change. Introduction of change initiatives in an environement where the need for it is not yet felt leads to poor uptake of the initiatives and hence the process may fail. Changes in the internal and external operating environments are good incentives to anchor the a wareness for a change process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Changes in the operating environement, if major, will normally have the attention of all the stakeholders. Therefore getting them to participate in change initiatives on this basis requires lesser effort. Change initiatives have a higher change of success if the organization has a high degree of stakeholder commitment. The three characteristics underpining this commitment include, â€Å"a strong acceptance of the organization’s values and goals, a willingness to exert considerable effort on behalf of the organization, and a strong desire to maintain membership in the organization†. It is crucial to bear inmind that the prospect of change is a source of stress for many employees. This calls for careful planning from the leaders of the change process. The formation of a guiding coalition builds on the principle of participatory change. While top management normally has access to resources and influence to direct change, they are perceived as custodians of the system and hence they may not be successful in inspiring change in attitudes among lower cadre staff. A change committee with representatives from all levels comands a greater following since everyone feels included. This team occupies the best position to scrutinize the change vision presented by the leadership and to become its chief advocates. They provide invaluable support in the selling of the vision to ensure compliance by all the members of the organization. The actual change in the organization will manifest in individual workstations. It is at these points that workers will apply new technologies, new attitudes, and undertake new assignments for the organization. This thinking underguards the proposition by Murthy (2007) that change needs to be brought about by â€Å"broad based action† (p. 209). It is from such places that the leadership can see the gains of the change process. It is the role of leadership to consolidate these gains. Once new systems are functioning, the leadership must phase out the older systems and let the new ones take their place fully. In order to spur on the change process, it is imperative for leaders to identify short term wins and to reward their promoters. This ensures that the staff remains focussed on the change agenda. Over time, any change initiative dies down as the organization settles down on the new operational paradigm. Leadership must remian vigilant to areas of complacency or slow growth in order to generate more change options for these. In this manner, the organization extablishes an enduring change culture and has a better chance of surviving the future demands on it to change even further.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership and Managing Change specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethics One of the inevitable consequences of the steady process of globalization that characterized world affairs in the latter half of the twentieth century to the present is the amalgamation of world cultures. Previously, the import of culture was a very slow process using shipping routes and following trading patterns. However, with growth in the information technology and transport sectors, the current speed with which different cultures interact does not allow time for the dominant culture to subdue the others. The result is a mish-mash of values. Some of the consequences of this interaction include â€Å"corruption, favoritism and nepotism, deterioration of human values, series of scams in business, government policies, and society† The sources of ethical constructs in any society relate closely to the sources of moral constructs. Religion plays a big role in the determination of morality in a society. A key difference between moral imperatives and ethical ones, therefore, is that moral laws are transcendent and are unchanging over time. Since their sources have a claim to supernatural origin, it is impossible to repeal them. Ethics on the other hand is a conditional recognition and application of these values but drawn purposefully to allow for meaningful relations between various culture within a society or organization. At the core of culture is the moral code of each society. In an attempt to bridge the cultural differences manifesting as different moral codes, business ethics has emerged as an important part of business in an intercultural trading field that world markets have become. While morality deals with the rightness or wrongness of issues, ethics deals with the acceptable behavior in a particular context. Various specializations of ethics that are of interest to leaders in the current dispensation include environmental ethics and business ethics. Environmental ethics stems from the need to care for the environment to mit igate the effects of pollution and global warming . Organizations that do not care for the environment risk a perception that it is environmentally unethical. Business ethics seek to define the acceptable behavior of business within the communities within which they operate. The boundary of a community varies depending on the business model in use. While there is no single universally acceptable code for all businesses to use, a body of international norms guiding global human relations is emerging.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These norms, such as the respect of human rights, tolerance, and the avoidance of discrimination based on creed, race, or gender, underlie the tenets of ethical relations between communities interacting in the international arena. This, does not by any means, imply that all countries agree on these issues. Rather, they are aspirations that have found universal acceptance although the degree of enforcement varies. The interplay of ethics cascades from this international arena to the organizational one, and stops at the individual level. The organization wants to appear as a responsible member of the community that respects societal norms and upholds the values of the community. The actions that the organization undertakes must not interfere in any way with the lives of the community or the environment. In fact, the values of the business should conform to the generally acceptable standards of the community within which they do business because that is where they derive â€Å"social approval†. Looking inward, the organization must enforce a code of ethics that sets the rules of social engagement between its members. A code of ethics reflects an â€Å"organization’s primary values, norms, beliefs, and ethical rules of operations†. In this case, the rules define the acceptable limits and modes of interaction between various members of staff. Leaders normally carry more than just ethical responsibilities but also a moral one since they have authority over their juniors and hence can take advantage of them. In fact, their personal conduct in their personal lives play an important role in their moral obligations towards the society. This comes out quite well when we consider leadership roles in international organizations such as the United Nations and the World Bank. Their personal conduct in private affairs matters morally even if they have no ethical obligations in certain contexts. This is despite the fact that morality is personal while ethi cs is institutional . All organizations maintain a certain kind of written code that defines acceptable behavior. It is incumbent upon new members to subscribe to these codes. Apart from the business policies and processes, an organization’s code of conduct is an ethical construct whose presence or absence does not impinge directly on the business processes, but affects the quality of relationships between various stakeholders. A community may reject the products or services offered by an organization even if they are desirable if they feel that they their production uses unethical means. Internally, employees may feel insecure working for an organization that does not uphold high ethical standards because it exposes them to the risk of mistreatment from their colleagues. Google Google is a relatively young company for an establishment of its size. The company’s incorporation in 1998 marks its beginning as a formal entity. The company grew out of the market demand for an internet search engine that would make looking for information in the internet more organized. The solution to the problem of meaningless search results that web surfers encountered came by way of the optimized search results provided by Google’s search engine that two PhD students at Stanford University developed. Google comfortably occupies the market leader’s position in the search-engine service provision sector and internet advertising. Other big players in the field include Yahoo and Bing. Bing is Microsoft’s response to Google search after unsuccessful attempts to take over Yahoo. In China, Google faces competition from Baido, which enjoys the State’s support. Google currently offers a wide range of search related services. It earns its revenue by selling advertising opportunities to companies. Along with the entire technological innovation that Google search is, Google managed to develop a very innovative advertising model that allows advertise rs to target their advertisements at the specific people who are interested in their products and services. This way, Google offers information search services free of charge to all users worldwide. The service range that Google offers includes the flagship Google search and its email service, G-mail. In addition, Google offers specialized services such as Google scholar targeted at academicians and a blogging service for users interested in maintaining blogs, among other services. Google’s growth has had its share of challenges, some common to all startups and others related to its structure and composition. The key challenges that Google’s founders, Larry Page and Sergey Brin faced included managing talent, raising capital, managing growth, and environmental challenges. Initially, the pair did not have much in terms of financial incentives that they required to attract and retain the kind of talent they needed to make Google a success. The talent they needed put them in direct competition with entities like Microsoft, to say nothing of the demand for the same talent in the greater Silicon Valley in which Google operated. This exemplifies the general challenge of raising capital for their operations. Google relied on borrowed capital and venture capitalists to get through the initial phases of its growth and development. While the founders showed extreme innovation and adaptation to the needs of their clients, they frequently ran into situations where they needed more money to facilitate expansion. The management of growth characterized by a desire for close control of the company proved a challenge to the founders too. They were very calculated and guarded in their interaction with potential sponsors and associates. While both of them had strong credentials in technology, they lacked the prowess to offer operational leadership for the organization. This becomes clear with the entry of Eric Schmidt as the CEO of Google when he provides the much- needed balance to the highly innovative duo at the helm of the fledgling company. They only gave in to the incessant requests by the capital venture firms that bankrolled Google’s critical growth stages to relinquish operational control to a CEO. Despite its short time in operation, Google has dealt with two serious economic crises in the greater economy and survived. The first one was the IT bubble that burst in early 2000 and led to massive layoffs among the high tech firms of Silicon Valley. The other one was the economic meltdown in 2008 caused by a meltdown in the real estate sector. Google defied odds and came out of both crises stronger. The keys strengths that Page and Brin have include innovativeness, strategic focus, and well reasoned risk taking. Their knack for innovation shows in the design of Google search engine to solve a prevailing problem, and providing the conditions required for the maturity of the idea. Secondly, they show a lot of focus as they adapt to changing conditions and requirements by stakeholders. In any case, their philosophy of keeping their business fairly simple and straightforward and relinquishing control in very measured ways point to their depth of strategy and focus in the development of Google. They approach situations in unconventional ways and have been very successful as a result. The final key strength visible from the pair is their calculated risk taking. They did not abandon their studies but took a study leave. They did not move straight into a business complex but grew from a student room to a garage before renting their first office. In addition, the decision to go public through an IPO came at a time when they had developed a considerable lead in the search engine business hence their potential rivals would not have an easy time catching up. The two key recommendations to leaders based on the lessons of the growth of Google is the need for innovation and adaptability. Brin and Page did not invent intern et search. What they developed was a solution to search problems, and innovatively built a business around it. Secondly, organizational leaders need to maintain an aura of adaptability to the environment. This quality will allow them to survive pressures in their environment. References Burns, J. M. (1979). Leadership. New York, NY: Harper Row. Gavai, A. K. (2010). Business Ethics. Mumbai: Global Media. Hartley, R. F. (2009). Google-An Entrepreneurial Juggernaut. In R. F. Hartley, Marketing Mistakes and Successes (pp. 11-28). Hoboken NJ: John Wiley and Sons. Kanter, R. M. (1997). World Class: Thriving Locally in the Global Economy. New York, NY: Simon Schuster. Kille, K. J. (2007). The Secular Pope: Insights on the UN Secretary-General and Moral Authority. In K. J. Kille, UN Secretary-General and Moral Authority: Ethics and Religion in International Leadership (pp. 337-353). Washington DC: Georgetown University Press. Murthy, C. S. (2007). Change Management. Mumbai: Himalaya P ublishing House. Paliwal, M. (2006). Business Ethics. New Delhi: New Age International. Rosenthal, S. B. , Buchholz, R. A. (1999). Rethinking Business Ethics. Cary NC: Oxford University Press. Vakola, M. , Nikolaou, L. (2005). Attitudes Towards Organizational Change: What is the Role of Employees’ Stress and Commitment? Journal of Organizational Change Management , 18 (1), 163-176. This essay on Leadership and Managing Change was written and submitted by user Keith V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

PH Lab Report Essays

PH Lab Report Essays PH Lab Report Paper PH Lab Report Paper Soapy water Material Required To facilitate this laboratory exercise, the experimenter needs the following: pH strips Sample reservoirs of solutions with varying pH Laboratory Notebook pH paper Background H stands for potential hydrogen. This is a measure of the acidity or basilica of a solution. Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe a chemical property chemicals. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out or neutralize their extreme effects. The pH scale is a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are said to be acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic or alkaline. Pure water has a pH very close to 7. The pH scale is logarithmic and as a result, each whole pH value below 7 is ten mimes more acidic than the next higher value. For example, pH 4 is ten times more acidic than pH 5 and 100 times (10 times 10) more acidic than pH 6. The same holds true for pH values above 7, each of which is ten times more alkaline than the next lower whole value. For example, pH 10 is ten times more alkaline than pH 9 and 100 times (10 times 10) more alkaline than pH 8. Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference. This measures the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode. Measurement of pH for solutions can be done with a glass electrode and a pH meter, or using indicators. PH measurements are important in medicine, biology, chemistry, environmental science, oceanography, etc. Procedure For each of the samples you selected, execute the following steps to acquire the PH. . Cut a strip of pH testing paper utilizing the serrated edge of the dispenser (1-2 in. Length minimum). 2. Submerge the pH testing strip and immerse in solution for approximately 10 seconds. 3. Remove the strip and promptly compare the results to the specimen colors indicated on the dispenser. 4. Record data for the tested solution. 5. Repeat the steps until you have tested all solutions. Data Solut ion Name Personal pH Recordings Group 2 pH Recordings Group 3 Recordings average H Recordings . Soda Orange Juice 3. Iced Tea 6 4. Lime Juice 3 4 5. Water 7 6. Milk 7. Soapy Water 8 Conclusion In concluding this lab I found that, in general most groups had similar recordings in their lab. Although, when testing the pH of soda the recording of pH between groups ranged from 1 to 3. A 3 on the pH scale is 100 times more acidic than a 1. The recording did not change much from my earlier predictions. In the beginning of the lab I anticipated that the order of the solutions tested old be in the following on a pH scale: lime juice, orange juice, soda, iced tea, milk, water, soapy water. This was correct aside from the fact that soda is before orange juice on the pH scale. This is less surprising when reviewing the amount of acid in soda. Acid is listed on average in three forms on a nutrition label for soda. If I were to conduct another lab on pH would test if the level of pH differs from soda brand to soda brand. Overall, the lab familiarized me with the concept and meaning of pH and gave me experience in measuring it, therefore accomplishing the purpose.

Anne Boleyn Biography, Facts, and Background

Anne Boleyn Biography, Facts, and Background Anne Boleyn Facts Known for: her marriage to King Henry VIII of England led to the separation of the English church from Rome. She was the mother of Queen Elizabeth I. Anne Boleyn was beheaded for treason in 1536.Occupation: queen consort of Henry VIIIDates: probably about 1504 (sources give dates between 1499 and 1509) - May 19, 1536Also known as: Anne Bullen, Anna de Boullan (her own signature when she wrote from the Netherlands), Anna Bolina (Latin), Marquis of Pembroke, Queen Anne Also see: Anne Boleyn Pictures Biography Annes birthplace and even year of birth are not certain. Her father was a diplomat working for Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch. She was educated at the court of the Archduchess Margaret of Austria in the Netherlands in 1513-1514, and then at the court of France, where she was sent for the wedding of Mary Tudor to Louis XII, and remained as a maid-of-honor to Mary and, after Mary was widowed and returned to England, to Queen Claude. Anne Boleyns older sister, Mary Boleyn, was also at the court of France until she was recalled in 1519 to marry a nobleman, William Carey, in 1520. Mary Boleyn then became a mistress of the Tudor king, Henry VIII. Anne Boleyn returned to England in 1522 for her arranged marriage to a Butler cousin, which would have ended a dispute over the Earldom of Ormond. But the marriage was never fully settled. Anne Boleyn was courted by an Earls son, Henry Percy. The two may have secretly been betrothed, but his father was against the marriage. Cardinal Wolsey may have been involved in breaking up the marriage, beginning Annes animosity towards him. Anne was briefly sent home to her familys estate. When she returned to court, to serve the Queen, Catherine of Aragon, she may have become embroiled in another romance this time with Sir Thomas Wyatt, whose family lived near Annes familys castle. In 1526, King Henry VIII turned his attentions to Anne Boleyn. For reasons which historians argue about, Anne resisted his pursuit and refused to become his mistress as her sister had. Henrys first wife, Catherine of Aragon, had only one living child, and that a daughter, Mary. Henry wanted male heirs. Henry himself had been a second son his older brother, Arthur, had died after marrying Catherine of Aragon and before he could become king so Henry knew the risks of male heirs dying. Henry knew that the last time a woman (Matilda) was the heir to the throne, England was embroiled in civil war. And the Wars of the Roses had been recent enough in history that Henry knew the risks of different branches of the family fighting for control of the country. When Henry married Catherine of Aragon, Catherine had testified that her marriage to Arthur, Henrys brother, was never consummated, as they had been young. In the Bible, in Leviticus, a passage forbids a man from marrying his brothers widow, and, on Catherines testimony, Pope Julius II had issued a dispensation for them to marry. Now, with a new Pope, Henry began to consider whether this offered a reason that his marriage to Catherine was not valid. Henry actively pursued a romantic and sexual relationship with Anne, who apparently held off from agreeing to his sexual advances for some years, telling him that he would have to divorce Catherine first and promise to marry her. In 1528, Henry first sent an appeal with his secretary to Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. However, Catherine was the aunt of Charles V, the Holy Roman Emperor, and the pope was being held prisoner by the emperor. Henry did not get the answer that he wanted, and so he asked Cardinal Wolsey to act on his behalf. Wolsey called an ecclesiastical court to consider the request, but the Popes reaction was to forbid Henry from marrying until Rome decided the matter. Henry, dissatisfied with Wolseys performance, and Wolsey was dismissed in 1529 from his position as chancellor, dying the next year. Henry replaced him with a lawyer, Sir Thomas More, rather than a priest. In 1530, Henry sent Catherine to live in relative isolation and began to treat Anne at court almost as though she were already Queen. Anne, who had taken an active role in getting Wolsey dismissed, became more active in public matters, including those connected with the church. A Boleyn family partisan, Thomas Cranmer, became Archbishop of Canterbury in 1532. That same year, Thomas Cromwell won for Henry a parliamentary action declaring that the kings authority extended over the church in England. Still unable to legally marry Anne without provoking the Pope, Henry appointed her Marquis of Pembroke, a title and rank not at all usual practice. When Henry won a commitment of support for his marriage from Francis I, the French king, he and Anne Boleyn were secretly married. Whether she was pregnant before or after the ceremony is not certain, but she was definitely pregnant before the second wedding ceremony on January 25, 1533. The new Archbishop of Canterbury, Cranmer, convened a special court and declared Henrys marriage to Catherine null, and then on May 28, 1533, declared Henrys marriage to Anne Boleyn to be valid. Anne Boleyn was formally given the title Queen and crowned on June 1, 1533. On September 7, Anne Boleyn delivered a girl who was named Elizabeth both her grandmothers were named Elizabeth, but its commonly agreed that the princess was named for Henrys mother, Elizabeth of York. Parliament backed Henry by forbidding any appeals to Rome of the Kings Great Matter. In March of 1534, Pope Clement responded to the actions in England by excommunicating both the king and the archbishop and declaring Henrys marriage to Catherine legal. Henry responded with a loyalty oath required of all his subjects. In late 1534, Parliament took the additional step of declaring the king of England the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England. Anne Boleyn meanwhile had a miscarriage or stillbirth in 1534. She lived in extravagant luxury, which didnt help public opinion still largely with Catherine nor did her habit of being outspoken, even contradicting and arguing with her husband in public. Soon after Catherine died, in January 1536, Anne reacted to a fall by Henry in a tournament by miscarrying again, at about four months into a pregnancy. Henry began speaking of being bewitched, and Anne found her position endangered. Henrys eye had fallen on Jane Seymour, a lady-in-waiting at court, and he began to pursue  her. Annes musician, Mark Smeaton, was arrested in April and was probably tortured before he confessed to adultery with the Queen. A nobleman, Henry Norris, and a groom, William Brereton, were also arrested and charged with adultery with Anne Boleyn. Finally, Annes own brother, George Boleyn, was also arrested on charges of incest with his sister in November and December of 1535. Anne Boleyn was arrested on May 2, 1536. Four men were tried for adultery on May 12, with only Mark Smeaton pleading guilty. On May 15, Anne and her brother were put on trial. Anne was charged with adultery, incest, and high treason. Many historians believe that the charges were created, likely with or by Cromwell, so that Henry could get rid of Anne, marry again, and have male heirs. The men were executed on May 17 and Anne was beheaded by a French swordsman on May 19, 1536. Anne Boleyn was buried in an unmarked grave; in 1876 her body was exhumed and identified and a marker added. Just before she was executed, Cranmer pronounced that the marriage of Henry and Anne Boleyn was itself invalid. Henry married Jane Seymour on May 30, 1536. The daughter of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII became Queen of England as Elizabeth I on November 17, 1558, after the deaths of, first, her brother, Edward VI, and then her older sister, Mary I. Elizabeth I reigned until 1603. Background, Family: Father: Sir Thomas Boleyn (made Viscount Rochford by Henry VIII)Mother: Lady Elizabeth HowardSiblings: Mary Boleyn, George BoleynPaternal grandparents:Sir William Boleyn, son of Sir Geoffrey Boleyn (Lord Mayor of London) and Ann HooMargaret Butler, daughter of Thomas Butler, 7th Earl of Ormond, and Anne HankfordMaternal grandparents:Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, son of John Howard, 1st Duke of Norfolk, and Catherine MoleynsElizabeth Tilney, daughter of Sir Frederick Tilney and Elizabeth CheneyCatherine Howard was a first cousin: Lady Elizabeth Howard was sister to Catherine Howards father, Lord Edmund Howard Education: privately educated at her fathers direction Marriage, Children: Husband: Henry VIII, king of EnglandChildren:Princess Elizabeth, later Elizabeth I of EnglandTwo stillborn sons, perhaps one other Religion: Roman Catholic, with humanist and Protestant leanings Bibliography: Marie Louise Bruce. Anne Boleyn: A Biography. 1972.Anne Crawford, editor. Letters of the Queens of England 1100-1547. 1997.Carolly Erickson. Mistress Anne. 1984.Antonia Fraser. The Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.Eric W. Ives. Anne Boleyn. 1986.Norah Lofts. Anne Boleyn. 1979.Alison Weir. The Six Wives of Henry VIII. 1993.

NGO Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

NGO Strategy - Case Study Example The paper also looks into the characteristics of the organisation strategies with respect to the different stakeholders including the public sector. Finally, the paper discusses the weaknesses of the strategy. 1.1 Overview of Company in Question -Dell Computers At the dawn of the 21st century CSR began to gain world wide rapid importance and Dell Computers was amongst the first companies to add CSR into its business philosophy. Dell company was the second largest PC company in 2007 (Dell Company Review 2007). This was thanks to its inbuilt advantage of lower cost and highly efficient supply chain management technology (Dell Company Review 2007). Dell Company is the premier computer system provider worldwide with it highly customized products. However, today competitors are emulating Dell strategy through mass production and just in time production methods. According to the company 2007 annual report, the company currently employs more than 88000 people worldwide. As a multinational technological company, it activities are diverse. It currently sells personal computers, computers related products, servers. Data storage devices, network switches, soft wares and computers (Dell 2007 Company Review). No wonder, the Fortune 500 magazine ranked Dell Computers Corporation 8th on its annual list of most admired companies in the United States. The table below extracted from the company webpage provides a brief summary of its market structure. Items Value in Billion of $ Market Capitalisation 45.09 Revenue 61.133 Total Assets 27.561 Total equity 3735 Employees 82700 The next section discusses Dell strategy with respect to the public sector. 1.2 Company Strategy to the Public Sector Porter (1980) contends... The paper talks about the history and strategy of the Company. According to the report Dell Computers business strategy and philosophy is characterized with the Corporate Social Responsibility philosophy (CSR). In recent years, CSR has been subjected to much debate and criticism. Proponents of CSR argue that there is a strong business case for CSR, â€Å"in that corporations benefit in multiple ways by operating with a perspective broader and longer than their own immediate, short-term profits†. Dell Computers corporate strategy is characterized with CSR requirements, an organisation must assess its organisational strengths and weaknesses, as well as its environmental threats and opportunities, which will enable it choose among alternative courses of action. In the paper we can find strength and weaknesses of these strategies. From the foregoing discussion, one can conclude that major stakeholders of an organisation have increased their concern on how the activities of the organisation affect the social and environmental setting in which they operate. Organizational strategies in order to be successful must be coined and defined within the expectations of different stakeholders. As a result there has been an increase in the requirements from companies. Such an approach will go a long way to improve the competitive position and long-term performance of the company. No wonder, companies like Dell has incorporated this in their mission and vision statements.

Cores of Realism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cores of Realism - Essay Example This essay examines the relevance of the core ideas of Realism in a contemporary world. It explores the roots of the theory, from Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau to Morgenthau, Beitz and Doyle. The core assumptions are that states are inherently self interested, unitary actors performing on an anarchic global stage.It looks at modern problems of Realism presented by a re-emergence of liberalism, the emergence of globalisation and its apparent incompatibility with democracy. Realism is a term we commonly use to define a motivation for behaving in accordance with truths and facts which exist independently of sentiment, emotive persuasions or overtly ideological tendencies. Within politics and more specifically, international relations, Realism has come to mean to mean a rejection of moralistic or ethical concerns in favour of a more pragmatic approach to policy and diplomacy. Realism places emphasis on the national security of a state rather than focusing on the application of moral c oncepts such as justice. Are these ideas still relevant in today's society or is there significant evidence to suggest states are primarily motivated by concepts of what is right, rather than what is necessary These issues will be explored throughout this essay, beginning with an investigation into the history of Realism. The roots of Realism can be traced back centuries to Machiavelli (1513) and Hobbes (1651). Both have had and continue to have a major influence on the shaping of political theory, particularly with their most celebrated works, The Prince and Leviathan. The latter claims that "in the nature of man, we find three principle causes of quarrel. First, competition; secondly, diffidence; thirdly, glory. The first, maketh men invade for gain; the second for safety; and the third, for reputation" (Hobbes 1651/1996, p. 83). Because of Man's natural tendency to be driven by competition and aggression, he will find himself in a perpetual state of war. Though the implementation of a sovereign will, in some way, offer salvation from the immediate state of war between individuals, it will not prevent conflict between states, which have their own interests to protect. It is therefore "the office of the sovereign for which he was trusted with the sovereign power, namely the procuration of the safety of the people; to which he is obliged by the law of nature." (Hobbes 1651/1996, p.175). This overriding aim of national security takes precedence over the individual concerns of those within the state. Indeed, Hobbes argues that the sovereign "can be no injury to any of his subjects" (p.117) which essentially gives the sovereign carte blanche to act upon their own decision without appeal to the general public. In particular, "is annexed to the sovereign the right of making war, and peace with other nations and commonwealths." (Hobbes 1651/1996 p.119). Machiavelli takes a similar and arguably, more radical view with regards to the implementation of policy (1513/1999). The thrust of his book, The Prince is in how to maintain the most powerful state. His view of man is that they "are ungrateful, fickle, liars and deceivers, they shun danger and are greedy for profit; while you treat them well, they are yours" (Machiavelli 1513/1999, p. 54). The thrust of the book is in how to maintain the most powerful state. It offers an early form of utilitarianism, which is an important aspect within the core ideas of Realism. He argues that, "By making an example or two he will prove more compassionate than those who, being too compassionate allow disorders while lead to murder and rapine. These nearly

Cross Cultural Application Of Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Commerce Essay

Cross Cultural Application Of Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Commerce Essay Studies have proposed that the effective use of human capital is likely the most important determinant of organisational performance (Adler, 1991 cited in Fey 2005). This has prompted organisations to seek for ways to motivate their employees to work to their full potential and to ensure optimal organisational performance. Once of the most cited and discussed theories of motivation is Abrahams Maslows Hierarchy of needs, which is same as with other popular motivation theories, Maslows model was based on research carried out on individuals from the United States (Fatehi, 1996, Gibson 1994). While it is reasonable to assume that this theory can help managers in America, the question arises as to its applicability to international management. The aim of this essay is to address that question using America and China as case studies. This essay is structured into three parts, the first part of this essay would consist of an overview of the various theories of motivation, the second part w ould look at Hofstedes cultural dimensions of individualism and collectivism while the final part would analyse the applicability and implications of using Maslows Theory of Motivation within individualistic and collectivistic cultures (America and China respectively). Motivation According to Bateman and Snell (2007) motivation refers to forces that energize, direct and sustain a persons efforts. Theories of Motivation There are two groups under which motivation theories are classified namely: content theories and process theories. Content theories, also known as the need theories are concerned with the internal factors that motivate an individual. These theories suggest that individual needs keeps changing and that to motivate individuals, it is important to take into consideration these needs and fulfil them. Notable among the content theories is Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory, Herzbergs Hygiene Theory and McClellands Learned Need Theory. On the other side, the process theories of motivation are concerned with the how people initiate, direct and maintain their motivations. These theories see motivation as a rational cognitive process. Examples include Adams equity theory (1963), which assumes that people expect a balance to exist between their contributions and their outcomes. They compare their circumstances with other similar people and if there is any inequity (if it is to their disadvantag e) they adapt their behaviour to lessen that inequity. Vrooms Expectancy Theory (1964) is also part of the process theories. Maslow Hierarchy of Need Theory: Maslows theory suggests that people will satisfy basic-level needs before adjusting behaviour to satisfy higher-level needs. Once a lower need is satisfied, it ceases to be a motivator and the individual progresses to the next need in hierarchical order. Source: Maslows Hieracy of Needs; www.learnmanagement2.com Such needs have been recognized by Maslow and in their hierarchical order, include physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem, and self-actualization. In Maslows model, individuals at the outset desire to gratify physiological needs. Physiological needs are the fundamental human needs which are necessary to maintain life and consist of food, clothing and shelter. Other desires present slight motivation pending the satisfaction of these basic needs. As soon as physiological needs are satisfied, safety becomes the next need. Safety characterizes the need to be liberated of the fear of bodily harm, the want to experience freedom from lack of fundamental physiological needs and the desire for self-protection. Subsequently, the social need arises as the chief need to be satisfied. The social need represents striving for significant relationships with other people. Once the need for significant relationship is fulfilled, the individual begins to seek more personal recogni tion and desires esteem or recognition from other people. The satisfaction of this need produces feelings of self-confidence, prestige, power, and control. After satisfying the need for self-esteem, self-actualization becomes the principal need. Self-actualization represents the desire to take full advantage of ones abilities and be what one is able to be (Maslow, 1970, Hersey, 1996, Gambel and Cianci, 2003). Cultural Dimensions Culture can be defined as a system of values and norms that are shared among a group of people and that when taken together constitute a design for living (Hill, 2009 p. 89). According to Hofstede (1984), there are five dimensions of culture namely: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. Collectivism, Masculinity vs. Femininity. Power distance relates to the way a society deals with the fact that people are unequal in intellectual and physical capabilities. The uncertainty avoidance dimension relates to the extent to which different cultures socialised their members to accepting uncertainty and ambiguous situations; According to Hofstede, members of high uncertainty avoidance cultures place a premium of job security, benefits and demonstrate a strong resistance to change while the opposite applies to members of cultures with low uncertainty avoidance. Individualism and Collectivism refers to relationship between the individual and his fellows. In individualistic cultures, bonds between individuals are loose and freedom an individual achievement are valued while in cultures where collectivism is emphasized, bonds are tight and individuals are supposed to look out for the interest of others before his own. Hofstedes masculinity versus femininity dimension refers to the distribution of roles between genders in a particular culture. (Hofstede, 1984, Hill, 2009). Overview of Individualism and Collectivism Individualism Amongst individualistic societies, Hofstede (1984) suggests that individuals desire and gain a high quality of life as a result of success achieved by his or her efforts alone. Achievement, self-actualization, and self-respect describe an individualistic society and furthermore typify self-esteem and self-actualization in Maslows hierarchy of needs. One conserves self-respect and separates work and private life in an individualistic society. In the work organization, completing the job task will come before developing relationships. Collectivism Hofstede (1980) suggests that collectivism can be described by a tight social framework where differences exist between in-groups and out-groups. Individuals expect to be cared for by their fellows, which can consist of relatives, clans, or organizations in exchange for absolute allegiance. Hofstede (1982) also points out that individual are born into a collective society. Consequently, Hofstede (1984) suggests that in a collectivist society, a high quality of life is defined more in terms of the family and close relatives than the individual. In terms of the work environment, individuals from collectivist cultures do not separate their private lives from their jobs, relationships take precedence over job tasks and importance is placed on the development of relationships as a requirement to work together effectively. American and Chinese Culture To better understand the extent to which various factors motivates individuals from different cultures, it important to look at their national culture. The national culture of America and China shall be discussed briefly using Hofstedes (1984) model. Despite the short coming of this model, it is still widely used because it provides data on characteristics of culture based on a large number of respondents from variety of countries. Dimension America China Power Distance 40 80 Individualism 91 20 Uncertainty Avoidance 46 40 Masculinity 62 66 Source: Hofstede, G (1983), The Culture Relativity of Organisational Practices and Theories, Journal of International Business Studies, Vol.14 (4) pp.75-89 American Culture Hofstede argues that, the ordering of needs in Maslows hierarchy represents a value choice Maslows value choice. This choice was based on his mid-twentieth century U.S. middle class values (1984, p. 396). Maslows hierarchy was developed during an era when the American culture stressed individual achievement. The rapid growth of this country, which was facilitated by strong emphasis on education, lifestyle and career opportunities, influenced the formulation the needs demonstrated on Maslows model (Gambel and Cianci, 2003). Hamden, Turner and Trompenaar (1993) argue that the American culture places a lot of emphasis on making the individual self reliant as against being influenced by his or her external environment or others. Nevis (1983) also states that the American culture over the years has developed from assumptions that stress the independence of the individual. It can be confirmed from the research done the Maslows Theory was based on individualism that was prevalent in the Ame rican society. The question therefore arises as to whether this theory can be applied to cultures that are high on the collectivism dimension. Chinese culture Lit et al (2002) state that research on cultural studies identify family oriented collectivism as a key Chinese cultural characteristics. According to Triandis (1996), the Chinese are collectivist individuals. Similarly, Smith and Bond(1993) points out that a lot of research have discovered that the Chinese place a lot of emphasis and importance on family values and hierarchy. This characteristic is also noticed in the work environment; Chinese business practices are influenced by family-oriented collectivism and the structure of their organisations supports the collectivist nature (Nevis 1983, Li et al, 2000). These factors suggest that a Chinese hierarchy of needs would differ significantly from Maslows original model. The main issue concerning Maslows Theory and its ability to apply to Chinese cultures is the aspects of self actualisation and the need for social belonging. Other needs such as physiological and safety needs are basic needs that are present in any culture, although it may not be sought after in the sequence proposed by Maslow. However, his hierarchy of needs places the need for social belonging as being desired after physiological and safety needs are met. While self actualisation is the ultimate need. While these may be applicable in the American society, such cannot be said concerning the Chinese. Being a collectivist culture, one of the main focuses of individuals in such societies is to look out for the well being of their immediate family and relations. Such characteristics are acquired from young as the individuals watch the way their fellows interact. It is therefore not a need that they aspire to or desire but rather one that is already embedded in their environment. This ne ed therefore, cannot be used as a motivator for individuals from collectivist cultures especially China. Another problem with the application of this theory in collectivist cultures is the importance Maslow places of self actualisation. Self actualisation is seen as the chief desire of individuals. While this is possible in cultures that are highly individualistic, the same doesnt apply to collectivist cultures. As demonstrated in the literature on collectivist cultures, the aspect of self is not emphasized while communal thinking is promoted in place of individualistic behaviours. In cultures such as China, the need for Self-actualisation as proposed by Maslow may not exist at all. The implication of this is especially important for managers who are working in cross cultural environment. When using Maslows theory of motivation, it should be clear as to who such motivations are targeted to. Generalising this theory as being applicable to individuals from diverse cultures may not be in the best interest of management as they may not achieve their aim of motivating their employees to full potential. Although Maslows Hierarchy of Need theory is an important contribution that can help managers in motivating their employees, it should be handled carefully when dealing with individuals from diverse backgrounds.

Headstart Teacher: The Challenges and opportunities Essay

â€Å"Headstart is usually a 40+-year-old program that has assisted children from lower income families to cope academically as well as socially with their counterparts.†(Blake) As someone who just got an appointment as a headstart teacher, I expect several challenges and open doors of opportunities which I will explore in this essay. Challenges The challenge of Societal Discrimination Once an individual takes up an appointment as a headstart teacher, the level of respect that society accord to them is usually low. The society believe that taking up work with low income families and single parents implies that the headstart teacher is also poor, being in the same category. Take for instance if I tell another fellow that I just took up head start job, the fellow is likely to ask me why? Family challenge The job involves at-home visits that will enable to explore siblings and homelife.The family may think that picking up their children at home is a special request and not a responsibility or compulsion. As these families are usually low income earners, as a headstart teacher, I cannot punish them for late fees. Some parents may also see the time spent with their children as a token of friendship or free hour child care rather than as a job. Difficulties may also arise from uncooperative families especially single parents or divorced families as teachers and parents are both very important for a headstart program to succeed (Sitemaker).Such siblings of uncooperative parents have been shown to lag behind in terms of cognitive development in most cases (Sitemaker). There is also the possibility of having to face court charges from parents of siblings. For example, a teacher in Miami was reported in the past and was charged with hitting 3 kids in his care and was also accused of kicking one of them in the face. The parents testified in court that their kids were treated as such and the headstart teacher was charged with battery and child abuse (Mabin&Lebovick). The challenge of Low compensation Headstart teachers’ salaries are generally low especially when compared with that of the K-12 teachers. They earn half of what public school teachers earn.   The challenge of physical needs Younger head start teachers (18-30) are better able to cope with physical requirement, that this, job demands. As an older head start teacher, I may not be able to move up and down or expend as much energy as younger ones will do. The opportunities ahead Possibility of better compensation with time If the wages of headstart teachers is increased with time as proposed, this will afford me as headstart teacher, scholarship opportunities for furtherance in my study to obtain a college degree. Possibility of gaining international recognition As a headstart teacher, I have made up my mind to put in my best to my work as behind every challenge, there is a promotion. For instance, Kansas Headstart association gave an award to a headstart teacher, Teri Aldrich for the Helene Marks award in 2007 and this is the foundation top honor. The total amount of the award was $2000. He was given this following a project design titled: â€Å"MARVEL with moment,† a program designed to help children with special needs meet higher academic achievement. He received a standing ovation which according to him was the first time in his entire life. In conclusion, indeed the gift of a man makes way for him and I see myself achieving these kinds of feat also one day in the course of my headstart career. I am not afraid of challenges for behind every cloud, there is a silver lining.